Lighting a Scene with Standard Lights

Autodesk 3ds Max Tutorials > Lighting and Rendering > Introduction to Lighting >

In general, photometric lights are preferred over standard lights, because they are physically accurate and behave more like real-world lights, which makes them easy and straightforward to set up. But you might encounter scenes that use 3ds Max standard lights. One situation in which standard lights are the better option, is when the scene geometry is not built to a real-world scale. This lesson demonstrates the use of standard lights.

Set up the scene:

In the \tutorials\lights directory, open the file memorial.max.
The scene shows a bust on a pedestal, in a semicircular alcove.

Bust with default illumination

Add a photometric light:

On the Create panel, turn on Lights. Choose Photometric from the drop-down list, and then click Target Point to turn it on.
In the Top viewport, drag to create the Target Point light, pointing at the bust from an angle.

Photometric target point light aimed at the bust
On the main toolbar, click Quick Render.

With a photometric light, the rendering is almost completely black.

What happened? The Camera01 viewport shows a well-lit, even brightly lit bust, but the rendered frame is nearly black.

Diagnose the problem:

When you encounter a problem with photometric lights, very often it has to do with the scale of the scene. This is indeed the case in this scene.

Go to the Utilities panel. Click Measure to turn it on, then in a viewport, click the bust model.
The measurements show that the bust is about 340 units wide by 433 units tall. As one “generic” 3ds Max unit corresponds to an inch, this means in real-world terms, the bust is 28 feet wide and 36 feet tall! It was modeled before 3ds Max had photometric lights, when scale was not an issue. But the default intensity of the Target Point light is nowhere near great enough to illuminate so monumental a sculpture. Rather than increase the value to floodlight intensity, it makes more sense to use standard lights, which don't depend on scale.

Add standard lights for key and fill:

Delete the Target Point light.
On the Create panel, use the drop-down list to change the type of lights to Standard. Then click Target Spot to turn on this type of light.
In the Top viewport, drag to create two spotlights at right angles to each other. Be sure to turn on Shadows (on the General Parameters rollout) for both lights. For the fill light on the right, go to the Intensity/Color/Attenuation rollout and reduce the Multiplier value to 0.4.

Two standard spotlights aimed at the bust: the key light is on the left, and the fill light on the right.
Click Quick Render.

Bust rendered with standard spotlights and shadows

Now the rendering shows an illuminated bust. However, the shadows are very harsh, and the front of the supporting column is poorly lit.

Add additional fill lights:

In general, when you work with standard lights, you need to provide more fill than when you use photometric lights. (Standard lights aren't really suited for radiosity solutions.) In the case of this model, a couple of Omni lights will help improve the appearance of the rendering.

On the Object Type rollout, click Omni to turn it on, then in the Top viewport, click to place a new omni light in front of the column, and another just behind the bust, on the same side as the fill spotlight.
These new lights default to a Multiplier value of 0.4, the last value you assigned.

Two omni lights added to provide additional fill and make the shadows less harsh
Click Quick Render.

Additional fill lights make the shadows less harsh.

This is better, but the Omni light behind the bust is a bit too bright.
Select the Omni light behind the bust, and on the Modify panel, change its Multiplier to 0.1.
Click Quick Render.

Reducing the level of the omni light behind the bust makes the rendering easier to read.

This version of the rendering is a little clearer, and looks more three-dimensional.

Save your work:

Save your scene as memorial_with_standard_lights.max.
The file memorial_finished.max has a completed version of this scene.

Summary

These are the main points of this lesson:

Use standard lights if the scene's geometry is not to scale.
Base the lighting on a customary key and fill light.
Add Omni lights to provide additional fill and simulate ambient, reflected light. Adjust their Multiplier as necessary.

TipAvoid setting a standard light's Multiplier to a value greater than 1.0. This can result in washed-out areas of the rendering, especially if you plan to transfer to video. Instead of using greater-than-one Multipliers, add more light objects.